The outbreak of rural migration takes place due to a wide range of socio-economic factors. Once the villagers, provided with better economic and social facilities, didn’t feel any reason to leave the villages, finding it as a suitable place for living. The goal of this study is, using the field study, to explore the probable changes in recent migration flows. To fulfill it, a number of villages of Bandar Anzali have been selected and studied via the questionnaire, and then the information was analyzed using SPSS. Findings show that factors once assuring the villagers’ residence at the village now have been evolved into the important factors for the migration from rural areas for the new generation. This problem together with the old factors will leave a double impression on unsustainability of rural society which could be called as "Intensive migration".

Though in most of the countries such as Iran the emphasis has been on rural-urban emigration, the result of censuses show emergence of new current of internal migration with the form of reverse migration or counter-urbanization in recent years in Iran. For recognition and best analysis of reverse migration, 12100 reverse migrants in demographic and economic characteristics, determinants and reason of migration with 23700 metropolis migrants as a result of two percent sample of 1390 census have been studies comparatively. Findings show that in demographic-economic characteristics, age-sex combination, marriage state and head of household, education, and the kind of employment, there is significant difference between reverse and metropolis migrants, the most affective of these differences is migrants’ employment. The superiority of skillful migrants in agriculture and ordinary labor in reverse migration and other professions in metropolis migration has caused migrants’ jobs explain two of three of occurrence changes in under-analyzed migrations. Natural and bio-environmental features of rural and deep structure, economic, commercial, political of metropolis have caused the reverse migrants who entered rural of diverse states and migrants who entered metropolis (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Tabriz, Shiraz, Ahvaz and Ghom) have diverse social, economic features and reasons for this migration

Background and Aim: Migration has been a historical phenomenon that reflects and affects social changes in societies. In recent decades, the growing scale and complexity of international migration have raised concerns among policymakers and planners in developing (or migrant-sending) countries, who face the challenges of human capital loss and development delay in their own countries. This study examines the question of whether these migrations can be seen as a facilitator of development course or as a reducer of human capital in the long run for the countries of origin?   Methods and Data: The present study is a narrative review that analyzes relevant literature from 2000 to 2022 using a descriptive-analytical approach.   Findings: Results show that international migration follows have individual and collective benefits for migrants, their families, and their origin countries. Depending on how the capacities of the migrants are utilized, these migrations may also have negative impacts or challenges for development. In other word, as litrature suggests, international migration does not necessarily reduce human capital, but depending on the way of using its capacities, it can facilitate development for the origin countries.   Conclusion: The phenomenon of international migration, which reflects the freedom of choice and the common right of individuals and communities to benefit from this option in their lives, requires careful attention from policymakers and planners. Governments should adopt policies that increase the benefits and reduce the risks of migration for their communities.   Key Message: Governments of migration-sending countries should change their attitude towards international migration from a merely threat to a possible opportunity in their population planning and take necessary steps to benefit from the potentials of these immigrants in the direction of their own country's development.

Translation studies as an Interdisciplinary approach has brought together many disciplines such as psychology, literature, philosophy and more recently cultural studies besides many other fields. Apart from the growth each of these fields has brought to translation theories, the expansion of cultural studies and especially post-colonialism into the field has made the borderline between cultural studies and translation studies fuzzier. As a result of this and following the cultural turn in translation studies, micro-Level considerations have given way to macro-level ones, viewing translation in the larger context of culture as a whole. This study, having the same concerns, aims at exploring textual and cultural bybridity in the English translation of The Blind Owl translated in the migration setting.